Bapak Statistika
John Graunt
John Graunt merupakan bapak statistik pertama karena dia
yang pertama kali deal with vital statistic, dan statistisi pertama yang
belajar S2 di Royal Society London. Graunt dikenal sebagai orang yang memiliki
pendidikan bagus, cerdas, rajin dan paham bahasa Lati dan Prancis.
Terkenalnya
Graunt bertumpu pada sebuah karya kecil yang sering disebut sebagai
Observations on the Bills o Mortality. Dia adalah yang pertama menyimpulkan
konsekuns penting dari Bills of Mortality. Ia pada dasarnya bekerja untuk
tujuan negara. Sejak saat itu kedudukan yang tinggi diberikan kepadanya, dia
tidak pernah meninggalkan masyarakat saat itu.
Bagian
yang paling menarik dari Pengamatan Graunt adalah Life Table. Ini ditemukan
dalam “Of The Number Of Inhabitants. Yakni sebagai berikut (dalam bahasa
Inggris).
Whereas we
have found, that of 100 quick Conceptions about 36 of them die before they be
six years old, and that perhaps but one surviveth 76, we, having seven
Decadsbetween six and 76, we sought six mean proportional numbers between 64,
the remainer, living at six years, and the one, which survives 76, and find,
that the numbers following are practically near enough to the truth; for men do
not die in exact Proportions, nor in Fractions: from when arises this Table
following.
viz. of 100 there dies within the first six years 36
the next ten years, or decad 24
the second decad 15
the third decad 9
the fourth 6
the next 4
the next 3
From
whence it follows, that of the said 100 conceived there remains alive at six
years end 64.
at sixteen years end 40
at twenty six 25
at thirty six 16
at fourty six 10
at fifty six 6
at sixty [six] 3
at seventy [six] 1
at eighty [six] 0
It follows
also, That of all, which have been conceived, there are now alive 40 per Cent.
above sixteen years old, 25 above twenty six years old, & sic deinceps, as
in the above Table: there are therefore of Aged between 16, and 56, the number
of 40, less by six, viz. 34; of between 26, and 66, the number of 25 less by
three, viz. 22: sic deniceps.
Daftar pustaka
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